Thursday, April 18, 2013

SPC Tornado Watch 125 Status Reports



Watch 125 Status Reports
 STATUS REPORT #4 ON WW 125  VALID 181845Z - 181940Z  SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES RIGHT OF A LINE FROM 30 WSW PBF TO 30 NNE LIT TO 25 NNW ARG TO 10 SW SLO.  ..MARSH..04/18/13  ATTN...WFO...LZK...MEG...PAH...SGF...  &&  STATUS REPORT FOR WT 125   SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES FOR THE FOLLOWING AREAS   ARC001-011-021-025-031-035-037-041-043-055-063-067-069-075-077- 079-085-093-095-107-111-117-121-123-145-147-181940-  AR  .    ARKANSAS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ARKANSAS	     BRADLEY		 CLAY		      CLEVELAND	     CRAIGHEAD		 CRITTENDEN	      CROSS		     DESHA		 DREW		      GREENE		     INDEPENDENCE	 JACKSON	      JEFFERSON	     LAWRENCE		 LEE		      LINCOLN 	     LONOKE		 MISSISSIPPI	      MONROE		     PHILLIPS		 POINSETT	      PRAIRIE 	     RANDOLPH		 ST. FRANCIS	      WHITE		     WOODRUFF		  $$   ILC003-047-055-059-065-069-077-081-087-127-145-151-153-165-181- 185-191-193-199-181940-  IL  .    ILLINOIS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ALEXANDER	     EDWARDS		 FRANKLIN	      GALLATIN	     HAMILTON		 HARDIN 	      JACKSON 	     JEFFERSON		 JOHNSON	      MASSAC		     PERRY		 POPE		      PULASKI 	     SALINE		 UNION		      WABASH		     WAYNE		 WHITE		      WILLIAMSON	      $$   INC051-125-129-147-163-173-181940-  IN  .    INDIANA COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  GIBSON		     PIKE		 POSEY		      SPENCER 	     VANDERBURGH	 WARRICK	      $$   KYC007-039-055-075-083-101-105-139-145-157-225-233-181940-  KY  .    KENTUCKY COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BALLARD 	     CARLISLE		 CRITTENDEN	      FULTON		     GRAVES		 HENDERSON	      HICKMAN 	     LIVINGSTON 	 MCCRACKEN	      MARSHALL	     UNION		 WEBSTER	      $$   MOC017-023-031-069-133-143-155-157-181-201-207-223-181940-  MO  .    MISSOURI COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BOLLINGER	     BUTLER		 CAPE GIRARDEAU       DUNKLIN 	     MISSISSIPPI	 NEW MADRID	      PEMISCOT	     PERRY		 RIPLEY 	      SCOTT		     STODDARD		 WAYNE		      $$   THE WATCH STATUS MESSAGE IS FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES ONLY.  PLEASE REFER TO WATCH COUNTY NOTIFICATION STATEMENTS FOR OFFICIAL INFORMATION ON COUNTIES...INDEPENDENT CITIES AND MARINE ZONES CLEARED FROM SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AND TORNADO WATCHES. $$    STATUS REPORT #3 ON WW 125  VALID 181710Z - 181840Z  SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES RIGHT OF A LINE FROM 35 S HOT TO 35 NNW LIT TO 35 SSE UNO TO 35 SSW FAM TO 20 WSW SLO.  ..LEITMAN..04/18/13  ATTN...WFO...LZK...MEG...PAH...SGF...  &&  STATUS REPORT FOR WT 125   SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES FOR THE FOLLOWING AREAS   ARC001-011-013-021-023-025-031-035-037-039-041-043-045-053-055- 063-067-069-075-077-079-085-093-095-103-107-111-117-119-121-123- 125-135-145-147-181840-  AR  .    ARKANSAS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ARKANSAS	     BRADLEY		 CALHOUN	      CLAY		     CLEBURNE		 CLEVELAND	      CRAIGHEAD	     CRITTENDEN 	 CROSS		      DALLAS		     DESHA		 DREW		      FAULKNER	     GRANT		 GREENE 	      INDEPENDENCE	     JACKSON		 JEFFERSON	      LAWRENCE	     LEE		 LINCOLN	      LONOKE		     MISSISSIPPI	 MONROE 	      OUACHITA	     PHILLIPS		 POINSETT	      PRAIRIE 	     PULASKI		 RANDOLPH	      ST. FRANCIS	     SALINE		 SHARP		      WHITE		     WOODRUFF		  $$   ILC003-047-055-059-065-069-077-081-087-127-145-151-153-165-181- 185-191-193-199-181840-  IL  .    ILLINOIS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ALEXANDER	     EDWARDS		 FRANKLIN	      GALLATIN	     HAMILTON		 HARDIN 	      JACKSON 	     JEFFERSON		 JOHNSON	      MASSAC		     PERRY		 POPE		      PULASKI 	     SALINE		 UNION		      WABASH		     WAYNE		 WHITE		      WILLIAMSON	      $$   INC051-125-129-147-163-173-181840-  IN  .    INDIANA COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  GIBSON		     PIKE		 POSEY		      SPENCER 	     VANDERBURGH	 WARRICK	      $$   KYC007-039-055-075-083-101-105-139-145-157-225-233-181840-  KY  .    KENTUCKY COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BALLARD 	     CARLISLE		 CRITTENDEN	      FULTON		     GRAVES		 HENDERSON	      HICKMAN 	     LIVINGSTON 	 MCCRACKEN	      MARSHALL	     UNION		 WEBSTER	      $$   MOC017-023-031-069-133-143-155-157-181-201-207-223-181840-  MO  .    MISSOURI COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BOLLINGER	     BUTLER		 CAPE GIRARDEAU       DUNKLIN 	     MISSISSIPPI	 NEW MADRID	      PEMISCOT	     PERRY		 RIPLEY 	      SCOTT		     STODDARD		 WAYNE		      $$   THE WATCH STATUS MESSAGE IS FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES ONLY.  PLEASE REFER TO WATCH COUNTY NOTIFICATION STATEMENTS FOR OFFICIAL INFORMATION ON COUNTIES...INDEPENDENT CITIES AND MARINE ZONES CLEARED FROM SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AND TORNADO WATCHES. $$    STATUS REPORT #2 ON WW 125  VALID 181625Z - 181740Z  SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES RIGHT OF A LINE FROM 45 NE TXK TO 20 ENE RUE TO 35 W POF TO 10 WNW FAM.  ..LEITMAN..04/18/13  ATTN...WFO...LZK...MEG...PAH...SGF...  &&  STATUS REPORT FOR WT 125   SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES FOR THE FOLLOWING AREAS   ARC001-011-013-019-021-023-025-029-031-035-037-039-041-043-045- 051-053-055-059-063-065-067-069-075-077-079-085-093-095-103-105- 107-111-117-119-121-123-125-135-137-145-147-181740-  AR  .    ARKANSAS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ARKANSAS	     BRADLEY		 CALHOUN	      CLARK		     CLAY		 CLEBURNE	      CLEVELAND	     CONWAY		 CRAIGHEAD	      CRITTENDEN	     CROSS		 DALLAS 	      DESHA		     DREW		 FAULKNER	      GARLAND 	     GRANT		 GREENE 	      HOT SPRING	     INDEPENDENCE	 IZARD		      JACKSON 	     JEFFERSON		 LAWRENCE	      LEE		     LINCOLN		 LONOKE 	      MISSISSIPPI	     MONROE		 OUACHITA	      PERRY		     PHILLIPS		 POINSETT	      PRAIRIE 	     PULASKI		 RANDOLPH	      ST. FRANCIS	     SALINE		 SHARP		      STONE		     WHITE		 WOODRUFF	      $$   ILC003-047-055-059-065-069-077-081-087-127-145-151-153-165-181- 185-191-193-199-181740-  IL  .    ILLINOIS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ALEXANDER	     EDWARDS		 FRANKLIN	      GALLATIN	     HAMILTON		 HARDIN 	      JACKSON 	     JEFFERSON		 JOHNSON	      MASSAC		     PERRY		 POPE		      PULASKI 	     SALINE		 UNION		      WABASH		     WAYNE		 WHITE		      WILLIAMSON	      $$   INC051-125-129-147-163-173-181740-  IN  .    INDIANA COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  GIBSON		     PIKE		 POSEY		      SPENCER 	     VANDERBURGH	 WARRICK	      $$   KYC007-039-055-075-083-101-105-139-145-157-225-233-181740-  KY  .    KENTUCKY COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BALLARD 	     CARLISLE		 CRITTENDEN	      FULTON		     GRAVES		 HENDERSON	      HICKMAN 	     LIVINGSTON 	 MCCRACKEN	      MARSHALL	     UNION		 WEBSTER	      $$   MOC017-023-031-035-069-133-143-149-155-157-181-201-207-223- 181740-  MO  .    MISSOURI COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BOLLINGER	     BUTLER		 CAPE GIRARDEAU       CARTER		     DUNKLIN		 MISSISSIPPI	      NEW MADRID	     OREGON		 PEMISCOT	      PERRY		     RIPLEY		 SCOTT		      STODDARD	     WAYNE		  $$   THE WATCH STATUS MESSAGE IS FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES ONLY.  PLEASE REFER TO WATCH COUNTY NOTIFICATION STATEMENTS FOR OFFICIAL INFORMATION ON COUNTIES...INDEPENDENT CITIES AND MARINE ZONES CLEARED FROM SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AND TORNADO WATCHES. $$    STATUS REPORT #1 ON WW 125  VALID 181525Z - 181640Z  THE SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES ACROSS THE ENTIRE WATCH AREA.  ..LEITMAN..04/18/13  ATTN...WFO...LZK...MEG...PAH...SGF...  &&  STATUS REPORT FOR WT 125   SEVERE WEATHER THREAT CONTINUES FOR THE FOLLOWING AREAS   ARC001-005-011-013-019-021-023-025-029-031-035-037-039-041-043- 045-049-051-053-055-059-063-065-067-069-075-077-079-085-093-095- 097-103-105-107-109-111-115-117-119-121-123-125-135-137-141-145- 147-149-181640-  AR  .    ARKANSAS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ARKANSAS	     BAXTER		 BRADLEY	      CALHOUN 	     CLARK		 CLAY		      CLEBURNE	     CLEVELAND		 CONWAY 	      CRAIGHEAD	     CRITTENDEN 	 CROSS		      DALLAS		     DESHA		 DREW		      FAULKNER	     FULTON		 GARLAND	      GRANT		     GREENE		 HOT SPRING	      INDEPENDENCE	     IZARD		 JACKSON	      JEFFERSON	     LAWRENCE		 LEE		      LINCOLN 	     LONOKE		 MISSISSIPPI	      MONROE		     MONTGOMERY 	 OUACHITA	      PERRY		     PHILLIPS		 PIKE		      POINSETT	     POPE		 PRAIRIE	      PULASKI 	     RANDOLPH		 ST. FRANCIS	      SALINE		     SHARP		 STONE		      VAN BUREN	     WHITE		 WOODRUFF	      YELL		      $$   ILC003-047-055-059-065-069-077-081-087-127-145-151-153-165-181- 185-191-193-199-181640-  IL  .    ILLINOIS COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  ALEXANDER	     EDWARDS		 FRANKLIN	      GALLATIN	     HAMILTON		 HARDIN 	      JACKSON 	     JEFFERSON		 JOHNSON	      MASSAC		     PERRY		 POPE		      PULASKI 	     SALINE		 UNION		      WABASH		     WAYNE		 WHITE		      WILLIAMSON	      $$   INC051-125-129-147-163-173-181640-  IN  .    INDIANA COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  GIBSON		     PIKE		 POSEY		      SPENCER 	     VANDERBURGH	 WARRICK	      $$   KYC007-039-055-075-083-101-105-139-145-157-225-233-181640-  KY  .    KENTUCKY COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BALLARD 	     CARLISLE		 CRITTENDEN	      FULTON		     GRAVES		 HENDERSON	      HICKMAN 	     LIVINGSTON 	 MCCRACKEN	      MARSHALL	     UNION		 WEBSTER	      $$   MOC017-023-031-035-069-091-133-143-149-155-157-181-201-203-207- 223-181640-  MO  .    MISSOURI COUNTIES INCLUDED ARE  BOLLINGER	     BUTLER		 CAPE GIRARDEAU       CARTER		     DUNKLIN		 HOWELL 	      MISSISSIPPI	     NEW MADRID 	 OREGON 	      PEMISCOT	     PERRY		 RIPLEY 	      SCOTT		     SHANNON		 STODDARD	      WAYNE		      $$   THE WATCH STATUS MESSAGE IS FOR GUIDANCE PURPOSES ONLY.  PLEASE REFER TO WATCH COUNTY NOTIFICATION STATEMENTS FOR OFFICIAL INFORMATION ON COUNTIES...INDEPENDENT CITIES AND MARINE ZONES CLEARED FROM SEVERE THUNDERSTORM AND TORNADO WATCHES. $$    
Top/Watch Issuance Text for Watch 125/All Current Watches/Forecast Products/Home

Source: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/ws0125.html

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MacGyver Challenge: Hack Something Using Old Computer Parts

Hello, fellow Lifehackers! Time for another MacGyver Challenge. What's a MacGyver Challenge, you ask? Simple. We give you an object and you show us what cool things you can do with it. Our editors pick the best submissions and our favorite will win a copy of the Lifehacker book!

Ready? Then let's get started.

This Week's MacGyver Challenge: Hack Something Using Old Computer Parts

This week, we're asking you to make something out of those old computer parts you have sitting around waiting for something useful to do. And no, using them as is for parts in a new computer build doesn't count?we're looking for a little more creativity than that. For example, we've seen that you can transform a desktop graphics card into an external laptop graphics card, turn an old PC case into an aquarium, and do some interesting things with old hard drives.

Now, it's your turn. Share your best hack using old computer parts. Your hack can use other materials, of course, but the computer part (or parts) should be the defining element. Send us pictures and a description of your hack and feel free to annotate your photos if you need to. And don't be afraid to get creative!

How to Submit Your Entry

Make sure to follow these instructions when you submit your entry:

  • Post your entry below or send it to challenge@lifehacker.com with the subject MacGyver Challenge: Computer Parts. If you post your entry below and need to include more than one image, just reply to your own comment or host your extra pics on a free, quick image-hosting site like imgur and link out to your gallery.
  • We will accept entries up through Sunday night, April 21 at 11:59pm Pacific Standard Time
  • We will showcase the best submissions and announce our favorite on Tuesday, April 23.

So grab that leather flight jacket, comb your mullet, and start channeling those MacGyver vibes. Here's a little theme music to put you in the mood. And don't forget to check back every week for a new challenge. We'll be alternating between Hacker Challenges and MacGyver Challenges.

Standard Gawker contest rules apply, so be sure to check them out before submitting your entry.

Image by Jag_cz (Shutterstock).

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/76FjJ-IJLYw/macgyver-challenge-hack-something-using-old-computer-p-474282865

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Wednesday, April 17, 2013

South Africa: Elephant handler trampled to death

JOHANNESBURG (AP) ? A handler at an elephant park in South Africa was trampled to death while taking elephants out for exercise, the park's owner said Tuesday.

The accident happened at around 7 a.m. Monday at the Elephant Sanctuary near Hartbeespoort Dam, west of Pretoria. About half an hour earlier on the same day, an elephant injured two tourists when it overturned their vehicle in Kruger National Park in the northeastern part of South Africa, according to park authorities.

Craig Saunders, owner of the elephant sanctuary, said the handler, who had been working with African elephants for four years, slipped off the back of an elephant that was engaging in "boisterous behavior" with another elephant.

The handler ended up in the midst of the altercation, which happened during an exercise program for the elephants that is closed to guests, according to Saunders. Paramedics arrived within 10 to 15 minutes but they were unable to revive the handler.

"It was a pure chance accident," Saunders said. "There was no maliciousness of any sort displayed by the elephants."

The name of the handler was being withheld pending notification of his family.

The website of the sanctuary says it offers elephant back-riding to guests and notes the "special relationship" between handlers and the elephants.

Saunders said sitting on the back of an elephant is a "normal management tool" for handlers.

The two tourists whose car was attacked by an elephant are doing "fine" even though the man had suffered broken ribs and the woman had back pain, said William Mabasa, a spokesman for Kruger park. The two were being transferred for medical treatment in Johannesburg, he said. The male tourist told authorities he is from Poland and currently lecturing at a university in Hong Kong.

Mabasa recalled a number of cases in which elephants overturned vehicles in the park, and that people in the vehicles failed to take simple precautions "in all these situations."

In Monday's encounter, he said, the couple did not take basic steps to get to a safe place.

"They decided to switch off the engine even when the elephant was charging," he said. "Why would you do that? Why don't you drive away?"

Bull elephants can be aggressive during periods when they are sexually aroused, according to Mabasa.

"Always keep a good distance," he advised. "That's the safest way to deal with elephants."

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/south-africa-elephant-handler-trampled-death-112134358.html

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Sunday, April 14, 2013

Kerry tamps down anxiety over NKorea missile power

SEOUL, South Korea (AP) ? U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry delivered a stark warning to North Korea on Friday not to test-fire a mid-range missile, while tamping down anxiety caused by a new U.S. intelligence report suggesting significant progress in the communist regime's nuclear weapons program.

Kicking off four days of talks in an East Asia beset by increasing North Korean threats, Kerry told reporters in Seoul that Pyongyang and its enigmatic young leader would only increase their isolation if they launched the missile that American officials believe has a range of some 2,500 miles ? or enough to reach the U.S. territory of Guam.

"If Kim Jong Un decides to launch a missile, whether it's across the Sea of Japan or some other direction, he will be choosing willfully to ignore the entire international community," Kerry told reporters. "And it will be a provocation and unwanted act that will raise people's temperatures."

If the trajectory of the test missile suggests that it could be a threat to either the U.S. or allies, the military would move to shoot it down from one of nine warships armed with sophisticated ballistic missile defense systems in the Pacific, including two that were moved closer to the Korean peninsula, U.S. officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to publicly discuss military plans.

Kerry said the test would be a "huge mistake" for Kim.

"It will further isolate his country and further isolate his people who are desperate for food and not missile launches," he warned. "They are desperate for opportunity and not for a leader to flex his muscles."

Kerry's diplomatic tour, while planned long in advance, is unusual in that it brings him directly to a region of escalated tensions and precisely at a time when North Korea is threatening action. The North often times its military and nuclear tests to generate maximum attention, and Kerry's presence on the peninsula alone risked spurring Pyongyang into another provocation. Another key date is the 101st birthday of the nation's founder, Kim Il Sung, on April 15.

After meeting South Korean President Park Geun-hye and Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se, Kerry also weighed in on an intelligence report that rocked Washington on Thursday, suggesting that North Korea now had the knowhow to arm a ballistic missile with a nuclear warhead ? even if the weapons would lack reliability. Kerry, repeating assertions by other administration officials, noted that Pyongyang still hadn't developed or fully tested the nuclear capacities needed for such a step.

Rep. Doug Lamborn, R-Colo., surprised a hearing on the defense budget Thursday when he read aloud one paragraph of an otherwise classified Defense Intelligence Agency report. The assessment said the Pentagon's intelligence wing has "moderate confidence" that North Korea has nuclear weapons capable of delivery by ballistic missiles but that the weapon was unreliable.

The disclosure took even Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, by surprise and he refused to discuss it at the budget hearing. While analysts have made similar statements over the last two years, the reading of it at the same time Kim was renewing threats against the U.S. and its allies gave the notion new urgency.

Kerry offered strong words of solidarity for South Korea, praising Park's "bright vision" of a prosperous and reunified Korean Peninsula without nuclear weapons. By contrast, he said North Korea's Kim, by estimates only 29 or 30 years old, has a choice to make between provocation and returning to talks to de-escalate tension and lead to the end of its nuclear program.

"It's up to Kim Jong Un what he decides to do," Kerry said.

A missile launch, he said, "is not going to change our current position which is very clear: We will defend our allies. We will stand with South Korea and Japan against these threats. And we will defend ourselves."

Speaking beside Kerry, South Korea's Yun called for more United Nations action against Pyongyang if it commits another provocation.

He refused to comment specifically on the U.S. intelligence report, saying only that the North has "high nuclear and missile capabilities" but that it is still some time away from a nuclear bomb that is "small, light and diversified."

Both Yun and Kerry kept the door open for future negotiations with Pyongyang.

But both seemed to suggest that such talks were unlikely in light of the North's increasingly bombastic threats, including nuclear strikes on the United States. Most experts say those are unfeasible based on the North's current capacity and would never be explored seriously because the U.S. response would be overwhelming against a regime focused primarily on survival.

Kerry said any talks with North Korea have to lead toward denuclearization.

They have to be really serious," Kerry said. "No one is going to talk for the sake of talking and no one is going to play this round-robin game that gets repeated every few years, which is both unnecessary and dangerous."

___

Associated Press writer Lolita C. Baldor contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/kerry-tamps-down-anxiety-over-nkorea-missile-power-195913523--politics.html

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Saturday, April 13, 2013

Slaves of some defunct economist (Unqualified Offerings)

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Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/298448740?client_source=feed&format=rss

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February construction picks up but likely to contract Q1

LONDON (Reuters) - British construction output showed a tentative recovery in February but will need to record stellar growth in March to avoid registering a further quarter of contraction.

Despite accounting for less than 7 percent of Britain's economy, weak construction output was the main drag on growth during the first half of last year, helping to push the country back into recession.

It remains touch-and-go whether Britain's economy as a whole will record any growth in the first quarter. The economy contracted at the end of 2012 and another negative reading will prompt "triple-dip recession" headlines embarrassing for the government.

Non seasonally-adjusted figures from the Office for National Statistics on Friday showed that construction output was 7.0 percent lower in February than a year ago but 5.5 percent higher than in January. However, the bounce-back is smaller than typically seen at this time of year.

"The month-on-month increase in February sounds encouraging but still leaves output well below the level seen before the winter weather set in December," said Brian Hilliard, economist at Societe Generale.

With construction likely to subtract from first-quarter GDP, Hilliard said his best guess was for flat to 0.1 percent growth in the economy as a whole.

Construction output is highly responsive to the economic cycle and has fallen by 16.5 percent when comparing the last quarter of 2012 with the first quarter of 2008, just before a steep recession caused by the financial crisis.

Activity so far this year has been hit by an unusually severe and prolonged winter, but there are signs that public sector infrastructure cuts are also having an impact.

The Markit/CIPS construction index shows the sector contracted for the fifth month in a row in March. The only bright spot has been house-building where a firmer property market and government home-buying initiatives have provided some cheer.

"Irrespective of whether we get 0.1 percent growth in the first quarter or a 0.1 percent contraction, it's the same message: the UK economy is hardly growing at all," said Alan Clarke, strategist at Scotiabank.

(Reporting by Christina Fincher; editing by Stephen Nisbet)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/uk-construction-output-falls-annual-7-0-percent-091347926--sector.html

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Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Carbon's role in planetary atmosphere formation

Tuesday, April 9, 2013

A new study of how carbon is trapped and released by iron-rich volcanic magma offers clues about the early atmospheric evolution on Mars and other terrestrial bodies.

The composition of a planet's atmosphere has roots deep beneath its surface. When mantle material melts to form magma, it traps subsurface carbon. As magma moves upward toward the surface and pressure decreases, that carbon is released as a gas. On Earth, carbon is trapped in magma as carbonate and degassed as carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that helps Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. But how carbon is transferred from underground to the atmosphere in other planets ? and how that might influence greenhouse conditions ? wasn't well understood.

"We know carbon goes from the solid mantle to the liquid magma, from liquid to gas and then out," said Alberto Saal, professor of geological sciences at Brown and one of the study's authors. "We want to understand how the different carbon species that are formed in the conditions that are relevant to the planet affect the transfer."

This latest study, which also included researchers from Northwestern University and the Carnegie Institution of Washington, indicated that under conditions like those found in the mantles of Mars, the Moon and other bodies, carbon is trapped in the magmas mainly as a species called iron carbonyl and released as carbon monoxide and methane gas. Both gasses, methane especially, have high greenhouse potential.

The findings, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggest that when volcanism was widespread early in Mars' history, it may have released enough methane to keep the planet significantly warmer than it is today.

A key difference between conditions in Earth's mantle and the mantles of other terrestrial bodies is what scientists refer to as oxygen fugacity, the amount of free oxygen available to react with other elements. Earth's mantle today has a relatively high oxygen fugacity, but in bodies like the Moon and early Mars, it is very low. To find out what how that lower oxygen fugacity affects carbon transfer, the researchers set up a series of experiments using volcanic basalt similar to those found on the Moon and Mars.

They melted the volcanic rock at varying pressures, temperature, and oxygen fugacities, using a powerful spectrometer to measure how much carbon was absorbed by the melt and in what form. They found that at low oxygen fugacities, carbon was trapped as iron carbonyl, something previous research hadn't detected. At lower pressures, iron carbonyl degassed as carbon monoxide and methane.

"We found that you can dissolve in the magma more carbon at low oxygen fugacity than what was previously thought," said Diane Wetzel, a Brown graduate student and the study's lead author. "That plays a big role in the degassing of planetary interiors and in how that will then affect the evolution of atmospheres in different planetary bodies."

Early in its history, Mars was home to giant active volcanoes, which means significant amounts of methane would have been released by carbon transfer. Because of methane's greenhouse potential, which is much higher than that of carbon dioxide, the findings suggest that even a thin atmosphere early in Mars' history might have created conditions warm enough for liquid water on the surface.

###

Brown University: http://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau

Thanks to Brown University for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/127651/Carbon_s_role_in_planetary_atmosphere_formation

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